Vaginal yeast infections are a common issue, affecting many women at some point in their lives. The culprit is usually an overgrowth of the Candida fungus, which naturally lives in the vagina but can proliferate under certain conditions. While often uncomfortable, these infections are usually treatable.
What Causes Yeast Infections?
Candida species, especially Candida albicans, are present in most vaginas. However, an imbalance can lead to an infection. This can happen due to factors like:
- Hormonal changes: Pregnancy increases the risk as estrogen levels rise, creating a sugar-rich environment for Candida to thrive.
- Antibiotics: These medications kill beneficial bacteria alongside harmful ones, disrupting the vaginal microbiome.
- Weakened immune system: Conditions like HIV or uncontrolled diabetes can make infections more frequent and severe.
- Tight clothing or poor hygiene: These can trap moisture, encouraging fungal growth.
Up to 20% of women carry Candida without symptoms, but this rises to 30% during pregnancy. This means colonization doesn’t always equal infection.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Symptoms vary, but common signs include:
- Intense itching: Particularly around the vulva (external genital area).
- Burning sensation: Often during urination or sex.
- Thick discharge: Typically white, gray, or yellowish and resembling cottage cheese. It may not have a strong odor.
- Redness and swelling: Of the vulva. In severe cases, cracks or tears may appear.
Important note: A fishy odor usually indicates a bacterial infection (bacterial vaginosis) rather than yeast.
Different Types of Candida
Doctors categorize infections based on the Candida species involved:
- Candida albicans : The most common type, usually responding to over-the-counter antifungal treatments.
- Candida glabrata and other non-albicans species: These can cause more severe, recurring infections that resist standard treatments. Candida auris, a newer strain, poses a healthcare risk due to its rapid spread.
Complicated Infections & Risk Factors
Some yeast infections are considered “complicated” because they are harder to treat. This is more likely if you:
- Have had four or more infections in a year.
- Are pregnant.
- Have poorly managed diabetes.
- Have a compromised immune system.
Complicated infections may require prescription medications or longer treatment courses.
When to See a Doctor
While self-treatment is sometimes possible, consult a doctor if:
- This is your first suspected infection.
- Symptoms don’t improve with over-the-counter treatment.
- You experience unusual symptoms (severe pain, sores, or different discharge).
- You suspect an alternative condition like herpes, bacterial vaginosis, or a sexually transmitted infection.
Other conditions can mimic yeast infections, so proper diagnosis is crucial. These include vaginal atrophy (thinning of vaginal tissue) and lichen planus (an inflammatory skin condition).
Prevention and Management
Maintaining vaginal health includes:
- Good hygiene: Gentle washing with mild soap. Avoid douching, which disrupts the natural microbiome.
- Loose-fitting clothing: Allows for airflow.
- Probiotics: May help restore healthy bacterial balance, though evidence is still emerging.
If you’re prone to infections, discuss preventive strategies with your doctor.
Conclusion
Vaginal yeast infections are widespread, but understanding the symptoms and causes empowers you to seek appropriate care. While many cases are easily treated, ignoring persistent or severe infections can lead to complications. If you’re uncertain or concerned, a healthcare professional is the best resource for diagnosis and treatment.
